BUiD Doctoral Research Conference 2023

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The Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Use of Recycled Asphalt During the Preventive Maintenance of Roadways in the UAE
(SpringerLink, 2024) Al Shehhi, Aishah H. O.; Jokhio, Gul Ahmed
This article studies the environmental and economic benefits expected from using recycled asphalt pavement in roadway maintenance by comparing the life cost analysis of conventional and recycled pavement. When comparing recycled and conventional asphalt, it turns out that the recycled asphalt cost is 28,060,400 Dhs compared to conventional asphalt's cost of 40,207,900 Dhs. Consequently, utilizing recycled asphalts will save around 12,147,500 Dhs, which is about 70% of the expense divided between the two pavements. This is because the duration of each maintenance process is different recycled asphalt requires 9 steps, which is the same as 33 days, compared to 12 steps for conventional asphalt, which requires 85 days. Calculating the waste from Dibba-Masafi Road is 23,104 m with the conventional pavement shows that managing this construction area’s waste is a challenge within its given rising volume of waste. However, by using recycled asphalt 3040 m of waste will be consumed which is a good amount to start a change in the roadway maintenance processes. Moreover, the assets that should be included in the roadway components, the norms and requirements set forth by the relevant authorities, and the minimal construction cost determined by quantity surveying are taken into account which resulted in the findings of this research demonstrating recycled asphalt as a long-term fix.
Durability Design Approach and Exposure Conditions in Eurocode, British Standard and ISO 13823 Standards: A Review
(SpringerLink, 2024) Al-Haddad, Diala Basim; Jokhio, Gul Ahmed
Several incidents of early deterioration of reinforced concrete structures have been reported in recent years. Consequently, the critical demand to incorporate durability in the structural design and construction approach has emerged. As a result, durability design provisions in many countries’ standards have gotten increasingly stringent. In the absence of clear standard guidelines for design engineers, insufficient design and failures or an expensive over-design to provide for the worst-case scenario may occur. This paper compares and critically reviews the durability design requirements and provisions in the Eurocode, British standards, and ISO standards and proposes improvements that will contribute to the development of the coming generation of these documents. The review revealed similarities in the durability design approach, exposure conditions, and design requirements in the Eurocode code and British standard, whereas the ISO 13823 approach is different. The studied documents’ durability provisions are comprehensive, detailed, and well-defined. Nevertheless, several provisions require to be revised to avoid misinterpretation by the code practitioners and to ensure an economically conservative durable design.
Pre-training on Multi-modal for Improved Persona Detection Using Multi Datasets
(SpringerLink, 2024) Abdulla, Salwa; Muammar, Suadad; Shaalan, Khaled
Persona identification helps AI-based communication systems provide personalized and situationally informed interactions. This paper introduces pre-training on CNN, BERT, and GPT models to improve persona detection on PMPC and ROCStories datasets. Two speakers with different personalities have dialogues in the PMPC dataset. The challenge is to match each speaker to their persona. The ROCStories dataset contains fictional character traits and activities. Our study uses transformer-based design to improve persona detection using ROCStories dataset external context. We compare our method to leading models in the field. We found that pre-training and fine-tuning on several datasets improves model performance. External context from tale collections may improve persona detection algorithms and help understand human personality and behavior. Our study found that pre-training CNN, BERT, and GPT models improves persona detection, improving user experiences and communication. The method could be used in chatbots, personalized recommendation systems, and customer support. Additionally, it can help create AI-driven communication systems with tailored, context-aware, and human-like interactions.
The Emerging Nature of ICT Policies in Education: A Comparative Analysis of School ICT Policies
(SpringerLink, 2024) Halabi, Lydia; Hill, Christopher
Purpose- The role of ICT in education is not new but the manner in which technology in education is perceived, valued and implemented is in constant flux. Methodology- This paper uses a comparative approach to examine ICT school policies, pre and post pandemic, to explore key issues of focus and relevance. Findings- As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, technology became ubiquitous in education and it is now imperative that we consider the extent to which it is appropriate for use, sustainable and supported. ICT has the potential to transform the learning environment but it must be understood, implemented and managed responsibly. Implications- The paper looks at the role of leadership and key stakeholder engagement in this process, from a teacher and student perspective. Originality/value- Drawing on a detailed literature review and in-depth document policy analysis, this paper considers the framework for implementation and identifies key components required for the design and development of a relevant ICT school policy.
UAE Parents’ Awareness of the Importance of Programming to Primary Students, and Their Perspectives Towards It: A Quantitative Study
(SpringerLink, 2024) Elsawah, Wafaa
Purpose: Highlight programming's importance and explore parental views on its inclusion in UAE primary schools. Methodology: Employing a quantitative approach, the study surveyed 499 UAE parents with primary school children. Their perspectives on programming and their children's attitudes towards it were gauged. Findings: UAE's primary school programming education needs reform, necessitating enhanced parental and student awareness. Implications: Educational policymakers should prioritize programming as a core subject, backed by this study. It adds to the literature on programming's value, highlighting parental awareness's impact on student attitudes. Originality/Value: This research contributes practical and academic insights, guiding potential expansion. Educational leaders, especially in primary schools, can use these findings to improve programming education.
The Perceptions of Science Teachers in Improving and Developing Science Learning of Students with Learning Difficulties in the Middle Stage of Private Schools in Dubai
(SpringerLink, 2024) AlSadoon, Muna; Forawi, Sufian
Purpose- This research investigates science teachers’ perceptions and practices in enhancing the science learning of students with learning disabilities (LD), guided by social cognitive theory and Fox’s Personal Learning Theories. Methodology- The study utilized a questionnaire responded to by 156 science teachers from various private schools in Dubai. Findings- Findings indicate a positive perception among teachers towards developing science learning for students with LD, employing well-established strategies. Implications- the study emphasizes the need for guidance and coordination among stakeholders to maximize the impact of these positive perceptions. Originality/value- providing essential information for enhancing science teacher performance and creating an optimal classroom environment.
Impact of Innovative Lighting Strategies on the Performance of Workplace Environment
(SpringerLink, 2024) Tobeishat, Reema A.; Sheta, Wael
Innovative lighting layouts ILS is crucial in the office environment, with a significant impact on occupants’ well-being, visual quality, and saving energy consumption. A technical understanding of light sources and performance is vital in lighting design. Open office lighting settings varies from small areas based on light quantity, fixed approach (recessed/suspended), and layout, affecting illuminance lx-level and visual quality. This study evaluates minimalist lighting conditions and identifies the most efficient solution for uniformity in a workspace. It focuses on specific zones (accent light seating zone, task area, and circulation zones). Considering many factors, such as luminaire type, layout distribution, and quantity, influence illuminance levels and visual quality. The aim is to establish various innovative lighting layouts for multiple tasks in an open office, and identify key factors enhancing illuminance levels, distribution uniformity, and energy efficiency. This work utilizes Dialux-evo 10 simulation software to develop various strategies using different minimalist luminaires shapes, quantities, and layout distributions within an existing office in Masdar City, UAE to improve visual workspace performance. Two-strategies have created, analyzing current conditions and evaluating proposed lighting concepts by installing various artificial lighting types and designing different layouts for each workspace independently. The results emphasize the importance of different factors such-as light efficacy and fixed lighting approach in achieving required illuminance levels. The visual impact of each workspace is influenced by lighting uniformity, color, and distribution, a CRI of 80 or higher is preferred for accurate color representation. The type, quantity, and arrangement of luminaires play a crucial role in the overall visual outcome. The linear arrangement with batwing-shaped distribution Scenario-C achieves an acceptable illuminance level of 565lx, resulting in a reduction of approximately 10.9% compared to the regular arrangement of the base case.
Estimating the Reliability of the Inspection System Employed for Detecting Defects in Rail Track Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves
(SpringerLink, 2024) Khalil, Abdelgalil; Masurkar, Faeez; Abdul-Ameer, A.
This work focuses on the implementation of a data-based method to determine the inspection system reliability in terms of detecting different types of damages in rail tracks using ultrasonic-guided Rayleigh waves and a probability of detection (POD) technique. In this study, the reliability is tested against a surface crack (SC) and sub-surface damage – a through-side thickness hole (TSTH). The guided Rayleigh waves are generated using a custom-designed sensor that excites Rayleigh surface waves in the specimen and the propagating waves are sensed on the rail track surface. The wedge shape design of the sensor helps to excite a specific ultrasonic mode in the sample thereby hindering the ultrasonic energy of other coupled guided waves that can propagate simultaneously and the wedge angle is determined according to Snell’s law relying on the wave velocity of Rayleigh wave and bulk longitudinal wave. The guided wave responses as a function of varying severity of defects are obtained through a simulation study after the verification of the obtained guided wave responses with the help of an experimental study. A damage index (DI) is defined depending on defect size that gives the trend of damage severity from the captured ultrasonic responses and for monitoring defects in the rail track. This DI is eventually fed into the POD model to determine the probability of defect detection which in turn helps determine the inspection system reliability. The POD method also helps to study the critical design parameters that could affect or improve crack detection results. Purpose – To determine the reliability of inspection system deployed for interrogating health status of rail track. Methodology – Employing the Probability of detection technique for determining how reliable the inspection system is in detecting the health status of the rail track specimen using the ultrasonic guided waves. Findings – It has been found that the proposed inspection system is >90% reliable in detecting defects. Implications – This methodology can help maintenance engineers to make an informed decision on their developed technique for investigating the health status of the rail track sample. Originality/ value – 13%.
Performance of Mutual Fund During the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Saudi Arabia
(SpringerLink, 2024) Hamdan, Rana Subhi; Al-Malkawi, Husam-Aldin N.
Purpose – This paper is an attempt to analyze the performance of the Saudi equity diversified fund on the basis of return and risk evaluation before, during and after the global financial crisis (GFC). Methodology – The study uses secondary data of 12 Saudi mutual funds from Jan 2000 until Dec 2018. The analysis is conducted by assessing various performance and statistical measures including average return, standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Information ratio (IR), and M2 measure. The outcomes of these measures are compared with a benchmark, i.e. the stock market index Tadawul. Findings – The results show that funds managers showed good decisions attempts during the crisis to minimize investors losses as the majority of the funds had positive IR during the crisis. Although the crisis had negative effect on MFs in Saudi Arabia, they outperformed the market. Riyad Saudi Equity Fund and Saudi Fransi Saudi Istithmar Equity Fund outperformed all other fund in the sample during the crisis, Research Implications – This study would be useful for new investors who want to start investing in funds with good history of investment and portfolio management during the financial crises. For decision makers of Riyad Saudi Equity Fund and Saudi Fransi Saudi Istithmar Equity Fund, to find out the reasons for their superiority during the crisis period, and the relapse they experienced after the end of the crisis at a time when the rest of the mutual funds in the sample recovered. Originality/Value – The study is valuable to investors as it increases their knowledge about Saudi Arabia funds, which are attractive source of investing, since they still can offer a good return and perform better than the market, especially during crisis.
The Impact of Facilitating Conditions on Innovation Readiness in the Dubai Public Sector
(SpringerLink, 2024) Alshaer, Mayid; Almarri, Khalid
Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to analyze the level of innovation readiness in Dubai’s public sector by taking a critical look at the current facilitating conditions, analyzing the gaps that arise with the lack of various innovations in place, and offering recommendations to remedy the problem. Methodology- This study uses a cross-sectional study design by using information from peer-reviewed journal articles. The search process for the articles involved the use of relevant terms such as “innovation readiness,” “facilitating conditions,” as well as “Dubai Public Sector.” The search narrowed down 15 peer-reviewed journal articles that were now used for the study. Findings- This study identified research gaps from the literature review and highlighted how the literature could be broadened and possible research questions that can be identified from the literature. Implications- The intention to use innovation readiness is positively impacted by facilitating situations, but the effect is marginal after the initial usage. As a result, the Model suggests that conducive environments have an immediate, considerable impact on user behavior. Originality/ value- The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology discussed in this essay gives insights into the various forms of technology by comparing prominent technology acceptance theories.
Analysis of Savings and Investments in First Ten Years of Employment in Dubai
(SpringerLink, 2024) Dhoundiyal, Meenakshi; Pareek, Nishtha
It is crucial in the modern world to not only start thinking about savings and investing but also to act on it. For long term financial stability and growth, one needs to start saving and then carefully investing the savings in different investment avenues. Savings and investments are used interchangeably. But the fact is that both have different meanings with one common motive of safeguarding the future in terms of finance. This paper attempts to study the savings and investments outlined in the first ten years of employment in Dubai. Dubai has all possible investment avenues available, just like any other economy may have. The primary data were collected from 118 respondents, with 65 men and 53 women. It is found that most of the employees are aware of the savings and investments. Males are more aware and hence making more savings and investments as compared to females. It is also found that the majority of the employees save 10–20% of their earnings monthly. The purpose of saving is future security followed by safety and tax savings. Further research found a significant relationship between investment awareness and Gender and the relationship between educational qualification and selection of the investment avenues. Purpose: This study focuses on the savings and investment opportunities for the employees; further it will explore various factors that motivate employees to save and invest and factors that affect the investment behaviors of the employees. Methodology: Primary and secondary data sources were used for data collection. Primary data was collected from the targeted population who are in the first ten years of their employment in the UAE by using Google Forms. A probability sampling method was selected for this study. The research instrument was administered to 120 respondents out of which 118 were returned. 2 respondents could not return the form and hence the final sample size was 118, with 65 men and 53 women participating in the survey. Findings: A significant relationship between gender and investment awareness. Men are relatively more aware of the investment and savings avenues as compared to the women. Women are more driven to invest in gold as compared to their male counterparts. There is a positive relationship between level of education and awareness regarding saving and investment. Recommendations: Creating monthly and yearly budget is crucial for the financially safe future. Investments in liquid funds to have more flexibility can be considered in this age group. Consulting a financial advisor to make wise investment choices is recommended. Further research can be conducted on the gender-wise investment choices, investment choices at different age level from the early years of earning till retirement.
Critically Describing the Effectiveness of Antibullying Interventions Used at Schools
(SpringerLink, 2024) Salameh, Nahida
Bullying at schools has been among the public concerns that prevailed as it causes many negative consequences, including poor academic performance, poor physical and mental health, in addition to suicidal or criminal acts. Purpose- To critically describe the effectiveness of the antibullying interventions at schools. Methodology- A descriptive qualitative study that was conducted utilizing a critical review of literature. The study has utilized the available electronic database. References were mainly chosen among the ones published in the last five years; special consideration was given to studies conducted in UAE. Findings- Several programs were developed and implemented to manage bullying. Interventions entailed constructing strict anti-bullying school policies, and utilized various involvement levels; being whole school, or one group such as parents, teachers or students. Many interventions were rooted in sociocultural theories to enhance resilience and positive behaviour development among students. Antibullying interventions in the UAE were mostly targeting awareness with compromised measurement of effectiveness. Implications- Identifying the best antibullying interventions may contribute to increasing awareness among stakeholders, and thus facilitate decisions that may inform the policy making pertinent to managing bullying at schools in the UAE. Originality/ value- Limited number of studies were conducted in the UAE.
The Impact of Key Determinants of BIM Technology Adoption on Organizational Performance within the UAE Construction Industry
(SpringerLink, 2024) Abdulrahim, Amina
Purpose- To evaluate the impact of key determinates of BIM technology adoption on various aspects of organizational and business performance in the UAE construction industry using the UTAUT model. The three factors examined in this study are performance expectancy, behavioral intention, use behavior and their impact on organizational performance. Methodology- This paper employs a theoretical background and proposes a research module to study the impact of key determinants of BIM technology adoption on organizational performance within UAE-based construction companies. The scope of this paper does not cover performing field empirical analysis. Findings- The paper's expected outcomes will allow a better understanding of the impact of BIM adoption key determinants of BIM technology, and organizational performance within the UAE construction industry Implications- The study can assist in maximizing the overall performance of companies within the UAE construction industry while adopting BIM technology, contributing to the literature in this area. Originality/ value - Discussing BIM technology adoption key determinates impact organizational and business performance related to the construction industry within the UAE by employing the UTAUT model to develop a new research model, which will allow construction companies to increase overall business performance by adopting new technology. This will also contribute to the literature related to the diffusion of new technologies.
Theoretical Framework for Effective Communication Processes for the Agile Project Management Approach in the UAE Utility Sector
(SpringerLink, 2024) Afifi, Mutasim; Al Marri, Khalid
The goal of this study is to find out how well the communication processes in the UAE Utility Industry work with the Agile Project Management Approach. For this reason, the present study will incorporate a quantitative research methodology that will allow the researcher to verify secondary data on the agile project management strategy. The utility sector in the UAE will be surveyed, as will its management, to gather primary data. Agile project management has suitably made it possible to obtain an appropriate balance between stability and dynamism while providing an opportunity for quick and smart strategy, structure, and process. Due to potentially strong investment from the private sector and collaboration with global investor engagement, the utility sector is considered to be one of the strongest and most lucrative businesses that offers a wide range of services. Research into the many facets of communication has the potential to improve utility sector efficiency and the effectiveness of related undertakings, contributing to structuration theory. Team members should have a voice in the agile project management process, maintain open lines of communication with stakeholders, and discuss problems in a timely manner to increase tolerance and acceptance.
Highlighting the Impacts of Parents’ Beliefs on Students’ Education
(SpringerLink, 2024) Alahmad, Alaaeddin; Hussin, Mohamad; Sapar, Ahmad Arifin
Purpose- To highlight the impacts of parents’ beliefs on students’ education due to the dearth of such studies in the field of education. Methodology- A sequential mixed-method approach was utilised, where quantitative data were collected and analysed, and then triangulated with qualitative data. The study employed a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews completed by 51 and nine parents, respectively. Convenience sampling was used. Findings- The obtained data showed that parents’ beliefs play a key role in students’ education, as these beliefs are associated with parents’ expectations regarding their children. Moreover, parents’ beliefs function as a guide for their children’s efforts and endeavours. Implications- This study recommends that increasing parental awareness regarding their role in their children’s education would be an effective strategy that would provide students with an enhanced learning environment. Originality/value- This study is considered of great value as it urges policy makers and leaders to increase investment in the parents’ role in students’ education.
A Framework for Developing Information Requirements for Built Asset Management Based on Organisational Sustainability Objectives
(SpringerLink, 2024) Dong, Yujie; Collinge, William; Kirkham, Richard; Rahbarimanesh, Amir
Purpose- In recent years, digital transformation using Building Information Modelling (BIM) systems has reshaped asset management. This process involves systematically maintaining and improving assets throughout an organization's lifecycle, with a focus on sustainability objectives. However, the current asset management process often wastes time and resources searching for asset information. This research aims to create a BIM-based framework, address the disconnection between asset management models and key indicators of sustainability, and help achieve the organisation's sustainability objectives. Methodology- This paper explores the relationship between asset management and sustainability objectives, establishing an integrated framework from existing literature. A seven-step approach to developing information needs is also proposed. Findings- It was found that asset information requirements are often formed without a direct link to the organisational objectives they are intended to achieve or are difficult to detect adequately. Recognising the cyclical nature of asset management and BIM and generating a framework. Implications- The framework will help address the disconnection between design aspirations and key indicators of sustainability. Originality value- The framework aligns asset management with sustainability objectives and integrates with BIM for a unified asset management platform.
Facade Retrofits: Sustainable Living Architectural Facades. The Case Study of “Baynunah Hilton Tower” in Abu Dhabi
(SpringerLink, 2024) Eid, Bana; Mounajjed, Nadia
Over the last few years, the concept of a more sustainable/eco-responsive skin featured as alternative envelopes for buildings (sometimes termed “Living Architecture”), designed to achieve low energy consumption, cost efficiency, and user comfort. Until today, architects in the UAE tend to design projects with double skin façades more than providing living architecture façade to achieve energy efficiency and sustainability in an extremely hot climate. Since the 1990s buildings in Gulf cities were dressed in cladding, which ignores the importance of building orientation, passive design ideas, and implementation. Purpose – This paper examines the concept of living architecture in the context of the UAE and proposes a framework to retrofit existing unsustainable designs with more eco-responsive ones. Methodology – Energy analysis will be applied to the façade of Baynunah Hilton Tower in Abu Dhabi before and after providing a living architectural façade technique in order to test the energy efficiency of the facade between the two scenarios. The analysis will be applied using FormIt software. Findings – The new proposed façade design “Light-weight Aluminium with Arabesque pattern” have affected positively the energy performance of the building. The energy consumption has been reduced by almost 38% after applying the retrofitting design to the façade. Implications – Façade retrofit is important as it helps in providing sustainable design solutions for the building’s facade that plays an important role in achieving energy efficiency and saving the environment. Originality/value – All the scenarios and simulations were done by the authors using FormIt software.
Investigating the Food Waste Status in the Hospitality Sector of the Emirate of Dubai-UAE
(SpringerLink, 2024) Sadeh, Reham Zeyad; Abu Hijleh, Bassam
Saving natural resources to sustain a better future for the generations requires focusing mainly on the three pillars of a sustainable society; the social, economic and environmental. In 2015, the world was united to set international goals to reduce the recent, global problems affecting these pillars; the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Goal number 12 focuses on making consumption and production reasonable to lower the use of natural resources and decrease the waste generated consequently. The food loss and waste problem has been the focus of individuals and governments in the last few years as it affects the sustainable vision of the countries. Tackling this issue needs the united efforts of the private and public sectors and is considered under goal SDG 12.3. Food loss is defined as the decrease in food amounts before consumption, mostly in developing countries. While food waste focuses on food thrown out after consumption, left intentionally or thrown away, and mostly in developed countries. The UAE has one of the highest per capita amounts of food waste yearly, around 224 kg. Thus, efforts to tackle the problem have to start, this is in alignment with achieving international targets like SDG 12.3 and national ones such as “Zero Hunger” by 2051. Huge efforts and initiatives in the country are established, mainly focusing on recovering food waste through banks, composting and animal feeds. However, source reduction is considered the top priority in solving the food waste problem. This paper suggests topics to fill the theoretical gap, which was confirmed to be lacking in the country, in finding the causes and drivers of food waste in the hospitality sector of Dubai.
Addressing the Overheating Crisis and Its Socio-Economic Implications: A Case Study in London’s High-Risk Areas
(SpringerLink, 2024) Maliha, Azra
Purpose- The number of excess deaths in England and Wales during the second heatwave period in 2022 was the greatest it has been since 2018. Greater London is particularly at risk for indoor overheating due to the predicted increase in hot summers from 50–60% by 2050, which can have serious negative effects on the socio-economic state of the city. The purpose of this study is to assess and predict the risk of overheating in a residential apartment building in a high-risk London heatwave location. Methodology-This study uses computer simulation and on-site measurements to create a virtual model for IES VE dynamic thermal modelling and perform overheating assessment simulations in a London apartment complex using the CIBSE TM59 methodology. Findings- The percentage hours with exceeding temperature surpassed 50% above the standard threshold in the 2020s scenario, which increased two folds for the 2050s and 2080s. Moreover, the bedrooms’ operational temperatures are found to be terribly above the safety standard. Implications- The findings implicate examining the economic viability and effectiveness of various solutions in the future to prevent residential building overheating in London. Further investigation can be done by conducting in-depth experiments on the susceptibility of various floors to overheating. Originality/value- The paper offers novel insights into the overheating risk assessment in London, particularly focusing on households in high-risk areas. The study contributes to the conversation on sustainability practices and their socio-economic implications by highlighting the urgent need for retrofitting frameworks to promote sustainable building design and practices.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Sustainability: The Case of UAE Smart Cities
(SpringerLink, 2024) Khansaheb, Khulood Shebib Hussain Abdulrahman
The purpose of this research was to study the case of the UAE smart cities with specific focus on how artificial intelligence (AI) was used in enhancing the achievement of sustainability in the UAE. The research narrowed down to investigate sustainability from the lens of the socio-economic sustainable development goals of the UAE as per the UN sustainable goals objectives 2015. The research adopted a quantitative methodological framework to rigorously examine the subject matter above. A survey was developed and distributed to 300 practitioners in AI, smart cities, and sustainable development programs across the UAE (mainly, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah). The research noted that environmental factors of AI application in UAE smart cities such as infrastructure readiness, stakeholder readiness and regulatory environment, strongly impacted the smart cities development in the UAE which in turn led to the attainment of socio-economic sustainable development goals. Implicatively, the research suggests the need for the development of a strategic roadmap for the adoption, usage, and implementation of AI in UAE smart cities to facilitate socio-economic sustainability through achievement of socio-economic sustainable development goals. The research novelty lies in bridging the paucity in literature regarding the use of AI in smart cities and its role in promoting sustainability; by establishing the connection between AI, smart cities and socio-economic sustainable development goals.

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